Adenomas

Adenoma 

Adenoma  is a benign tumor originating from the glandular (but not always - thyroid adenomas come from the follicular epithelium) epithelium. It occurs in all organs where the glandular epithelium is represented. In this regard, the structural features of the organ affect the structure of the adenoma. The course and clinic of the process depend on the localization, growth rate and size of the adenoma and the degree of dysplasia characteristic of all adenomas.

Pathogenesis

 The mechanism of development of adenomas in general is not well understood. However, in most cases, it is possible to trace the primary disturbances in the balance of hormones that regulate the function of the glandular epithelium.

  Depending on the localization of adenomas, there are significant differences. Locations may be as follows: 

* Salivary glands 

 *Thyroid 

 *Bronchial epithelium 

  *The mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract 

*Adrenal glands 

  

Classification

According to the structure, the following types of adenomas are distinguished:

  1.Cystic.

   It has a closed bag-like structure.

    2.Papillary. 

    It is characterized by the presence of papillary growths that can protrude into the lumen of the gland. 

    3.Polypoid. 

    It is a polyp resulting from the growth of glandular tissue. 

   4  Solid.

     It has a poorly developed connective tissue stroma, the epithelium of the glands merges into a continuous field.

      5.Tubular.

       Consists of narrow canals that are lined with epithelium. 

        Depending on the number of identified nodes,

         there are:

single adenoma (single isolated node), 

multiple adenomas (adenomatosis).

 Etiology 

  Adenomas in general have all the same predisposing factors as other benign neoplasms. 

   For hormone-dependent tumors, there are characteristic features:

    Prostate adenoma is an imbalance in testosterone, which leads to the growth of prostate tissue. It usually develops after the age of 50. 

    Breast adenoma - estrogen imbalance. Breast adenoma in women usually develops at a relatively young, reproductive age.

    

Clinical picture 

   Clinical manifestations of adenoma vary depending on its location. By itself, the adenoma does not cause any discomfort, but begins to manifest itself when, due to its size, it begins to compress any anatomical formations important for the body - vessels, nerves, urinary tract, etc.

   Diagnostics 

  Adenoma is a morphological concept, the diagnosis is made according to a biopsy or a removed whole tumor by morphologists (pathologist, cytologist) through microscopic examination of the tissue. 

  The adenoma is well visualized on ultrasound. However, due to the absence of any specific clinical manifestations before the onset of complications, adenoma often becomes an accidental finding during ultrasound and CT of internal organs for other reasons. As a rule, when an adenoma is detected, further differential diagnosis is required to exclude other types of formations.

  Treatment . 

Treatment is predominantly surgical. As a rule, this leads to a complete cure of the disease.

  Prognosis 

   The prognosis for this disease, in the absence of complications and malignancy of a benign formation, is conditionally favorable. Adenoma responds well to surgical treatment. Hormone therapy is also effective for hormone-dependent people.

     

Adenoma of the sebaceous glands

A benign skin tumor that develops from the glandular or ductal epithelium of the sebaceous glands and is usually characterized by slow growth. Usually appears as a pink, skin-colored, or yellowish papule or nodule.

Pathological significance 

The adenoma of the sebaceous glands is not of great pathological significance. However, it may be associated with Muir-Torre syndrome, an inherited disorder that predisposes to cancer. Thus, timely diagnosis of sebaceous gland adenoma can be a decisive factor in saving the patient's life. This pathology is not associated with tuberous sclerosis.

Treatment  

Surgical treatment.
   With adequate removal of the neoplasm, relapses do not occur (observation period - one year). 

   BY DR SHER JAHAN 
  
Reference

James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. - Saunders Elsevier, 2006. - ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. —St. Louis: Mosby, 2007. - P. 1702, 1703. - ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.And from some other authentic resources.